{"id":21933,"date":"2022-01-27T20:01:18","date_gmt":"2022-01-27T18:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/liasinstitute.com\/?p=21933"},"modified":"2023-10-24T10:13:49","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24T08:13:49","slug":"najib-elhassadi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/liasinstitute.com\/ar\/najib-elhassadi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623.\u062f. \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a &#8221; \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 30px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">____________________________<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 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\u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a)\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2015.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/strong>\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a 5-6 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2016\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c 2016.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c <\/strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 2017)<\/li>\n<li>\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629&#8221;\u060c <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637<\/strong> (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1989)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 <\/strong>(\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 1990)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1991)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 (<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1992)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1992)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 <\/strong>(\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1993)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 <\/strong>(\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1994)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1995)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627-\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1996)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 <\/strong>(\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 1998)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 2004)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a (<\/strong>\u0645\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a) (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c 2005)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 <\/strong>(\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c 2008)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong> (\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646) (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c 2013)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u064a\u0645\u0634\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0646\u0627\u060c (<\/strong>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2020)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f\u060c (<\/strong>\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2020)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u062a <\/strong>(\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a <\/strong>(\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (Logical Positivism\u060cJ. Ayer) (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c 1994)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (Theory of Knowledge, R. Chisholm) (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1996)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (Readings in the Philosophy of Science, B. Brody) (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1997)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u064e\u0631<\/strong> (Men of Ideas, B. Magee) (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1998)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0633\u062e\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> (The Clone: The Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead, Gina Kolata) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0648\u064a) (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 1998)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (Critically Thinking About Moral Issues, T. Will) \u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 2003)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629<\/strong> (Political Theory) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a) (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c 2003)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (From a Logical Point of View, W.V. Quine) (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 2004)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/strong> (Philosophical Problems of Natural Science, D. Shaper) (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 2004)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a<\/strong> (The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, T. Honderich)\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c 2005)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Arthur Pap) \u00a0(\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633\u060c 2006)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (Body and Social Theory, C. Shilling) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631) (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629<\/strong> (Uncertainty: The Struggle for the Soul of Science, D.Lindly) (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644<\/strong> (Mill, Wendy Donner &amp; Richard Fumerton) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2011).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/strong> (Medical Law, Bonnie F. Fremgan) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (Kuhn Vs. Popper: The Struggle for the Soul of Science, Steve Fuller) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2012)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0636\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u062c: \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/strong> (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a)\u060c (The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas, Isaiah Berlin) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2013)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642<\/strong> (Introduction to Logic, Irving Copi, Carl Cohen) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u062f) (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c 2013).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646<\/strong> (Comparative Constitutions Project) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646) (\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c 2014)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/strong> (Is Science Value Free? Values and Scientific Understanding, Hugh Lacey) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2015)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science, Larry Laudan) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f) (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2015)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631<\/strong> (Think, Simon Blackburn) (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 2016).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge, Karl Popper) (\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 2018).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629: \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f<\/strong> (Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking, M. Neil Brown &amp; Stuart M. Keeley) (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f) (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2019)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646<\/strong> (An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, M. Murray and M. Rea) (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2020)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641<\/strong> (The Author&#8217;s Intention, J. Mitscherling, T. Ditommaso, A. Nayed, Lexington Books, Mar. USA) (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2020).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (A Little History of Philosophy, N. Warbruton, University of Yale Press, New Haven, 2011) (\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c 2020)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647<\/strong> (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a) (Enlightenment Contested, J. Israel, Oxford University Press, 2006) (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645<\/strong> (Defending Science Withon Reason, S, Haack, Prometheus Books, NY, 2003) (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong>(The Culture Map, E. Meyer, Public Affairs, 2015) (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629<\/strong> (The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, T. Honderich, 2015)\u060c (\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 <\/strong>(The Outer Limits of Reason, N. Yanofsky, 2013) (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 <\/strong>(The Philosopher\u2019s Toolkit, Peter S. Fosel and Julian Baggini, 2020) (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c 2021)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629: \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 <\/strong>(Philosophy and Philosophers, John Shand, UCL) (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2022)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646: <\/strong>\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 (Hate, Politicsm LawL <em>Critical Perspectives in Combacting Hate<\/em>, ed. Thomas Brudholm and Birgitte Schepelem Johanson, Oxford University Press, 2018) (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (12 Modern Philosophers, C. Belshaw and Gary Kemp (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2009) (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629<\/strong> (\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0628\u064a) (The Modern Theologians, David Ford ed.), University of Cambridge, 2001) (\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 <\/strong>(How Philosophy Works, Marcus Weeks, 2019) (\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u062f <\/strong>(The Critical Thinking Toolkit, Galen A. Foresman, et. al., 2017) (\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 <\/strong>(The Epistemology of Reading and Interpretation, Rene van Woundenberg, Cambridge University Press, 2021) (\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621 <\/strong>(Philosophy of Science A-Z, Sathis Psillos, Edinburgh University Press, 2007) (\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633)<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 <\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><em>Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy<\/em>, R. Audi (ed.), 2015<strong>)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 ____________________________ \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645: \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a (\u062f\u0631\u0646\u0629 \/ 25 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1952) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a: elhassadii@hotmail.com \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641: 00218922371401 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\/ \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629:&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":21934,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-68"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0623.\u062f. \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a &quot; \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629&quot; - \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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